Company Details
openai
6,872
7,885,491
5417
openai.com
0
OPE_5906177
In-progress

OpenAI Company CyberSecurity Posture
openai.comOpenAI is an AI research and deployment company dedicated to ensuring that general-purpose artificial intelligence benefits all of humanity. AI is an extremely powerful tool that must be created with safety and human needs at its core. OpenAI is dedicated to putting that alignment of interests first — ahead of profit. To achieve our mission, we must encompass and value the many different perspectives, voices, and experiences that form the full spectrum of humanity. Our investment in diversity, equity, and inclusion is ongoing, executed through a wide range of initiatives, and championed and supported by leadership. At OpenAI, we believe artificial intelligence has the potential to help people solve immense global challenges, and we want the upside of AI to be widely shared. Join us in shaping the future of technology.
Company Details
openai
6,872
7,885,491
5417
openai.com
0
OPE_5906177
In-progress
Between 700 and 749

OpenAI Global Score (TPRM)XXXX

Description: OpenAI, known for its AI model GPT-4o, has raised privacy issues with its data collection methods, including using extensive user inputs to train its models. Despite claims of anonymization, the broad data hoovering practices and a previous security lapse in the ChatGPT desktop app, which allowed access to plaintext chats, have heightened privacy concerns. OpenAI has addressed this with an update, yet the extent of data collection remains a worry, especially with the sophisticated capabilities of GPT-4o that might increase the data types collected.
Description: A zero-click vulnerability named **ShadowLeak** was discovered in OpenAI’s **ChatGPT Deep Research tool** in June 2025, allowing hackers to steal **Gmail data** without any user interaction. Attackers embedded hidden prompts (via white-on-white text, tiny fonts, or CSS tricks) in seemingly harmless emails. When users asked the AI agent to analyze their Gmail inbox, the tool unknowingly executed malicious commands, exfiltrating sensitive data to an external server within OpenAI’s cloud—bypassing antivirus and firewalls. The flaw was patched in August 2025, but experts warn of similar risks as AI integrations expand across platforms like **Gmail, Dropbox, and SharePoint**. The attack exploited AI’s trust in encoded instructions (e.g., Base64 data disguised as security measures) and demonstrated how **context poisoning** could silently bypass safeguards. Google confirmed data theft by a known hacker group, highlighting the threat of AI-driven exfiltration in third-party app ecosystems.
Description: ChatGPT was offline earlier due to a bug in an open-source library that allowed some users to see titles from another active user’s chat history. It’s also possible that the first message of a newly-created conversation was visible in someone else’s chat history if both users were active around the same time. It was also discovered that the same bug may have caused the unintentional visibility of payment-related information of 1.2% of the ChatGPT Plus subscribers who were active during a specific nine-hour window. The number of users whose data was actually revealed to someone else is extremely low. and the company notified affected users that their payment information may have been exposed.
Description: OpenAI's release of the GPT-4o AI model raised significant privacy concerns due to its extensive data collection practices. Issues were highlighted when it was discovered that the AI could inadvertently access user data and store conversations in plain text. Despite steps to anonymize and encrypt data, critiques pointed out that the privacy policy allows for broad data hoovering to train models, encompassing an array of user content. The potential misuse of personal and usage data has led to increased scrutiny by regulators and the public.
Description: A critical vulnerability in OpenAI's ChatGPT Connectors feature, dubbed 'AgentFlayer,' allows attackers to exfiltrate sensitive data from connected Google Drive accounts without user interaction. The zero-click exploit leverages indirect prompt injection via malicious documents, enabling automatic data theft when processed by ChatGPT. Attackers can bypass security measures by using Azure Blob Storage URLs, leading to potential breaches of enterprise systems, including HR manuals, financial documents, and strategic plans. The vulnerability highlights broader security challenges in AI-powered enterprise tools, with OpenAI implementing mitigations but the underlying issue remaining unresolved.
Description: OpenAI’s newly launched **Atlas browser**, which integrates ChatGPT as an AI agent for processing web content, was found vulnerable to **indirect prompt injection attacks**. Security researchers demonstrated that malicious instructions embedded in web pages (e.g., Google Docs) could manipulate the AI into executing unintended actions—such as exfiltrating email subject lines from Gmail or altering browser settings. While OpenAI implemented guardrails (e.g., red-teaming, model training to ignore malicious prompts, and logged-in/logged-out modes), researchers like **Johann Rehberger** confirmed that carefully crafted content could still bypass these defenses. The vulnerability undermines **confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA triad)**, exposing users to data leaks, unauthorized actions, and potential exploitation of sensitive information. OpenAI acknowledged the risk as a systemic challenge across AI-powered browsers, emphasizing that **no deterministic solution exists yet**. The incident highlights the premature trust in agentic AI systems, with adversaries likely to exploit such flaws aggressively. OpenAI’s CISO admitted ongoing efforts to mitigate attacks but warned that prompt injection remains an **unsolved security frontier**.
Description: OpenAI fixed a critical vulnerability named **ShadowLeak** in its **Deep Research** agent, a tool integrated with services like Gmail and GitHub to analyze user emails and documents. Researchers from **Radware** discovered that attackers could exploit this flaw via a **zero-click attack**—sending a malicious email with hidden instructions (e.g., white-on-white text) that tricked the AI agent into exfiltrating sensitive data (names, addresses, internal documents) to an attacker-controlled server without any user interaction. The attack bypassed safety checks by framing the exfiltration as a 'compliance validation' request, making it undetectable to victims.The vulnerability posed a severe risk of **unauthorized data exposure**, particularly for business customers, as it could extract highly sensitive information (contracts, customer records, PII) from integrated platforms like Gmail, Google Drive, or SharePoint. OpenAI patched the issue after disclosure in June 2024, confirming no evidence of active exploitation. However, the flaw highlighted the dangers of **prompt injection** in autonomous AI tools connected to external data sources, where covert actions evade traditional security guardrails.
Description: OpenAI's infrastructure has been compromised by a SSRF vulnerability (CVE-2024-27564) in its ChatGPT application, impacting the financial sector. Attackers manipulated the 'url' parameter within the pictureproxy.php component to make arbitrary requests and extract sensitive information. Over 10,479 attack instances were noted from a single malicious IP in a week, with the U.S. bearing 33% of these attacks. Financial institutions, especially banks and fintech firms, are reeling from the consequences such as data breaches, unauthorized transactions, and reputational damage. Despite the medium CVSS score of 6.5, the flaw's extensive exploitation has caused significant concern, with about 35% of entities at risk due to security misconfigurations.
Description: Security researchers exploited cross-modal vulnerabilities in **OpenAI’s Sora 2**—a cutting-edge multimodal AI model for video generation—to extract its system prompt, a critical security artifact defining the model’s behavioral guardrails and operational constraints. The attack leveraged **audio transcription** as the most effective method, bypassing traditional safeguards by fragmenting and reassembling small token sequences from generated speech clips. While the extracted prompt itself may not contain highly sensitive data, its exposure reveals **content restrictions, copyright protections, and technical specifications**, which could enable follow-up attacks or model misuse.The vulnerability stems from **semantic drift** during cross-modal transformations (text → image → video → audio), where errors accumulate but short fragments remain recoverable. Unlike text-based LLMs trained to resist prompt extraction, Sora 2’s multimodal architecture introduced new attack surfaces. Researchers circumvented visual-based extraction (e.g., QR codes) due to poor text rendering in AI-generated frames, instead optimizing audio output for high-fidelity recovery. This breach underscores systemic risks in securing multimodal AI systems, where each transformation layer introduces noise and exploitable inconsistencies.The incident highlights the need to treat **system prompts as confidential configuration secrets** rather than benign metadata, as their exposure compromises model integrity and could facilitate adversarial exploits targeting behavioral constraints or proprietary logic.
Description: Security researchers from Adversa AI uncovered **PROMISQROUTE**, a critical vulnerability in **ChatGPT-5** and other AI systems, allowing attackers to bypass safety measures by exploiting AI routing mechanisms. The attack manipulates cost-saving routing systems—used to redirect user queries to cheaper, less secure models—by inserting trigger phrases (e.g., *'respond quickly'* or *'use compatibility mode'*) into prompts. This forces harmful requests (e.g., instructions for explosives) through weaker models like **GPT-4** or **GPT-5-mini**, circumventing safeguards in the primary model.The flaw stems from OpenAI’s **$1.86B/year cost-saving strategy**, where most 'GPT-5' queries are secretly handled by inferior models, prioritizing efficiency over security. The vulnerability extends to **enterprise AI deployments** and **agentic systems**, risking widespread exploitation. Researchers warn of **immediate risks** to customer safety, business integrity, and trust in AI systems, urging cryptographic routing fixes and universal safety filters. The discovery exposes systemic weaknesses in AI infrastructure, where **profit-driven optimizations** directly undermine security protocols, leaving users exposed to manipulated, unsafe responses.
Description: Tenable Research uncovered seven critical security flaws in OpenAI’s **ChatGPT (including GPT-4o and GPT-5)**, enabling attackers to **steal private user data** and **gain persistent control** over the AI system. The vulnerabilities leverage **prompt injection**—particularly **indirect prompt injection**—where malicious instructions are hidden in external sources (e.g., blog comments, search-indexed websites) to manipulate ChatGPT without user interaction. Techniques like **0-click attacks via search**, **safety bypasses using trusted Bing tracking links**, and **conversation/memory injection** allow attackers to **exfiltrate sensitive data**, **bypass URL protections**, and **embed persistent threats** in the AI’s memory.The flaws demonstrate how attackers can **trick the AI into executing unauthorized actions**, such as **phishing users**, **leaking private conversations**, or **maintaining long-term access** to compromised accounts. While OpenAI is patching these issues, the research underscores a **systemic risk** in LLM security, with experts warning that **prompt injection remains an unsolved challenge** for AI-driven systems. The exposure threatens **millions of users’ data integrity**, erodes trust in AI safety mechanisms, and highlights the urgency for **context-aware security solutions** to mitigate such attacks.


OpenAI has 1053.85% more incidents than the average of same-industry companies with at least one recorded incident.
OpenAI has 823.08% more incidents than the average of all companies with at least one recorded incident.
OpenAI reported 6 incidents this year: 1 cyber attacks, 0 ransomware, 5 vulnerabilities, 0 data breaches, compared to industry peers with at least 1 incident.
OpenAI cyber incidents detection timeline including parent company and subsidiaries

OpenAI is an AI research and deployment company dedicated to ensuring that general-purpose artificial intelligence benefits all of humanity. AI is an extremely powerful tool that must be created with safety and human needs at its core. OpenAI is dedicated to putting that alignment of interests first — ahead of profit. To achieve our mission, we must encompass and value the many different perspectives, voices, and experiences that form the full spectrum of humanity. Our investment in diversity, equity, and inclusion is ongoing, executed through a wide range of initiatives, and championed and supported by leadership. At OpenAI, we believe artificial intelligence has the potential to help people solve immense global challenges, and we want the upside of AI to be widely shared. Join us in shaping the future of technology.


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The CEA is the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission ("Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives"). It is a public body established in October 1945 by General de Gaulle. A leader in research, development and innovation, the CEA mission statement has two main

Consistently rated in the top 10 universities in the world, Imperial College London is the only university in the UK to focus exclusively on science, medicine, engineering and business. At Imperial we bring together people, disciplines, industries and sectors to further our understanding of the n
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At Utrecht University (UU), we are working towards a better world. We do this by researching complex issues beyond the borders of disciplines. We put thinkers in contact with doers, so new insights can be applied. We give students the space to develop themselves. In so doing, we make substantial con
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Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) is a leading technical university in the Netherlands, known for our world-class engineering, science and design education. We offer top-ranked education and PhD programmes, and we conduct cutting-edge research that addresses global challenges. TU Delft play

UCL (University College London) is London's leading multidisciplinary university, ranked 9th in the QS World University Rankings. Established in 1826 UCL opened up education in England for the first time to students of any race, class or religion and was also the first university to welcome female

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Explore insights on cybersecurity incidents, risk posture, and Rankiteo's assessments.
The official website of OpenAI is https://openai.com/.
According to Rankiteo, OpenAI’s AI-generated cybersecurity score is 741, reflecting their Moderate security posture.
According to Rankiteo, OpenAI currently holds 0 security badges, indicating that no recognized compliance certifications are currently verified for the organization.
According to Rankiteo, OpenAI is not certified under SOC 2 Type 1.
According to Rankiteo, OpenAI does not hold a SOC 2 Type 2 certification.
According to Rankiteo, OpenAI is not listed as GDPR compliant.
According to Rankiteo, OpenAI does not currently maintain PCI DSS compliance.
According to Rankiteo, OpenAI is not compliant with HIPAA regulations.
According to Rankiteo,OpenAI is not certified under ISO 27001, indicating the absence of a formally recognized information security management framework.
OpenAI operates primarily in the Research Services industry.
OpenAI employs approximately 6,872 people worldwide.
OpenAI presently has no subsidiaries across any sectors.
OpenAI’s official LinkedIn profile has approximately 7,885,491 followers.
OpenAI is classified under the NAICS code 5417, which corresponds to Scientific Research and Development Services.
Yes, OpenAI has an official profile on Crunchbase, which can be accessed here: https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/openai.
Yes, OpenAI maintains an official LinkedIn profile, which is actively utilized for branding and talent engagement, which can be accessed here: https://www.linkedin.com/company/openai.
As of December 04, 2025, Rankiteo reports that OpenAI has experienced 11 cybersecurity incidents.
OpenAI has an estimated 4,908 peer or competitor companies worldwide.
Incident Types: The types of cybersecurity incidents that have occurred include Cyber Attack, Vulnerability, Data Leak and Breach.
Detection and Response: The company detects and responds to cybersecurity incidents through an communication strategy with company notified affected users, and remediation measures with update to address the issue, and remediation measures with implemented mitigations to address the specific attack demonstrated by the researchers, and third party assistance with adversa ai (research/disclosure), and remediation measures with audit ai routing logs for suspicious activity, remediation measures with implement cryptographic routing (non-user-input parsing), remediation measures with add universal safety filters across all model variants, and communication strategy with public disclosure via research report, communication strategy with media outreach (e.g., google news, linkedin, x), and enhanced monitoring with monitor for trigger phrases (e.g., 'respond quickly', 'compatibility mode'), and and third party assistance with radware (disclosure), third party assistance with bugcrowd (reporting platform), and containment measures with vulnerability patching, containment measures with safety guardrail enhancements, and remediation measures with prompt injection defenses, remediation measures with autonomous agent behavior restrictions, and communication strategy with public disclosure via recorded future news; emphasis on bug bounty program, and enhanced monitoring with likely (implied by 'continual safeguard improvements'), and and third party assistance with radware (discovery and analysis), and containment measures with openai patch for deep research tool (august 2025), containment measures with disabling vulnerable integrations (recommended), and remediation measures with input sanitization for hidden prompts, remediation measures with restricting ai agent access to third-party apps, and communication strategy with public disclosure by openai and radware, communication strategy with media coverage (fox news, cyberguy.com), and enhanced monitoring with recommended for ai agent activities, and and containment measures with model training to ignore malicious instructions, containment measures with overlapping guardrails, containment measures with detection/blocking systems, and remediation measures with red-teaming exercises, remediation measures with security controls for logged-in/logged-out modes, remediation measures with ongoing research into mitigation strategies, and communication strategy with public acknowledgment by openai ciso (dane stuckey), communication strategy with x post detailing risks and mitigations, communication strategy with media statements to the register, and and incident response plan activated with yes (openai notified and working on fixes), and third party assistance with tenable research (vulnerability disclosure), and containment measures with patching vulnerabilities (ongoing), containment measures with enhancing prompt injection defenses, and communication strategy with public disclosure via tenable research report, communication strategy with media statements (e.g., hackread.com), and enhanced monitoring with likely (for prompt injection attempts)..
Title: ChatGPT Data Leak Incident
Description: ChatGPT was offline earlier due to a bug in an open-source library that allowed some users to see titles from another active user’s chat history. It’s also possible that the first message of a newly-created conversation was visible in someone else’s chat history if both users were active around the same time. It was also discovered that the same bug may have caused the unintentional visibility of payment-related information of 1.2% of the ChatGPT Plus subscribers who were active during a specific nine-hour window. The number of users whose data was actually revealed to someone else is extremely low, and the company notified affected users that their payment information may have been exposed.
Type: Data Leak
Attack Vector: Bug in open-source library
Vulnerability Exploited: Bug in open-source library
Title: Privacy Concerns with GPT-4o AI Model Release
Description: OpenAI's release of the GPT-4o AI model raised significant privacy concerns due to its extensive data collection practices. Issues were highlighted when it was discovered that the AI could inadvertently access user data and store conversations in plain text. Despite steps to anonymize and encrypt data, critiques pointed out that the privacy policy allows for broad data hoovering to train models, encompassing an array of user content. The potential misuse of personal and usage data has led to increased scrutiny by regulators and the public.
Type: Data Privacy Issue
Vulnerability Exploited: Data Collection PracticesPrivacy Policy Loopholes
Title: OpenAI Privacy Concerns with GPT-4o Data Collection
Description: OpenAI, known for its AI model GPT-4o, has raised privacy issues with its data collection methods, including using extensive user inputs to train its models. Despite claims of anonymization, the broad data hoovering practices and a previous security lapse in the ChatGPT desktop app, which allowed access to plaintext chats, have heightened privacy concerns. OpenAI has addressed this with an update, yet the extent of data collection remains a worry, especially with the sophisticated capabilities of GPT-4o that might increase the data types collected.
Type: Data Privacy Issue
Vulnerability Exploited: Data Collection Practices
Title: OpenAI Infrastructure Compromised by SSRF Vulnerability
Description: OpenAI's infrastructure has been compromised by a SSRF vulnerability (CVE-2024-27564) in its ChatGPT application, impacting the financial sector. Attackers manipulated the 'url' parameter within the pictureproxy.php component to make arbitrary requests and extract sensitive information. Over 10,479 attack instances were noted from a single malicious IP in a week, with the U.S. bearing 33% of these attacks. Financial institutions, especially banks and fintech firms, are reeling from the consequences such as data breaches, unauthorized transactions, and reputational damage. Despite the medium CVSS score of 6.5, the flaw's extensive exploitation has caused significant concern, with about 35% of entities at risk due to security misconfigurations.
Type: SSRF Vulnerability
Attack Vector: Manipulation of 'url' parameter in pictureproxy.php component
Vulnerability Exploited: CVE-2024-27564
Motivation: Data breachesUnauthorized transactionsReputational damage
Title: AgentFlayer: Zero-Click Data Exfiltration Vulnerability in OpenAI's ChatGPT Connectors
Description: A critical vulnerability in OpenAI's ChatGPT Connectors feature allows attackers to exfiltrate sensitive data from connected Google Drive accounts without any user interaction beyond the initial file sharing. The attack, dubbed 'AgentFlayer,' represents a new class of zero-click exploits targeting AI-powered enterprise tools.
Date Publicly Disclosed: 2025 (Black Hat hacker conference in Las Vegas)
Type: Zero-click exploit, Data exfiltration
Attack Vector: Indirect prompt injection attack
Vulnerability Exploited: ChatGPT Connectors feature
Title: PROMISQROUTE Vulnerability in ChatGPT-5 and Major AI Systems Exposes Critical Security Flaws in AI Routing Mechanisms
Description: Security researchers from Adversa AI uncovered a critical vulnerability in ChatGPT-5 and other major AI systems, dubbed PROMISQROUTE, which allows attackers to bypass safety measures by exploiting AI routing mechanisms. The attack manipulates the routing infrastructure to force requests through weaker, less secure models by using simple prompt modifications (e.g., 'respond quickly,' 'use compatibility mode'). This vulnerability stems from cost-saving routing practices where user queries are directed to cheaper, less secure models, saving providers like OpenAI an estimated $1.86 billion annually. The issue affects any AI system using layered AI-based model routing, posing broad risks to enterprise and agentic AI deployments. Researchers recommend auditing routing logs, implementing cryptographic routing, and adding universal safety filters across all model variants as mitigations.
Type: AI System Vulnerability
Attack Vector: Prompt-Based Routing ManipulationSSRF-like Query ExploitationModel Downgrade Attack
Vulnerability Exploited: PROMISQROUTE (Prompt-based Router Open-Mode Manipulation Induced via SSRF-like Queries, Reconfiguring Operations Using Trust Evasion)
Motivation: Cost-Saving ExploitationBypassing AI Safety MeasuresResearch/Proof-of-Concept
Title: OpenAI ChatGPT Deep Research 'ShadowLeak' Vulnerability
Description: OpenAI fixed a vulnerability in ChatGPT’s Deep Research agent, dubbed 'ShadowLeak' by Radware, which could allow attackers to exfiltrate sensitive data (e.g., names, addresses, internal documents) via malicious emails without user interaction. The exploit leveraged prompt injection in integrated services like Gmail, GitHub, or cloud storage (Google Drive, Dropbox, SharePoint). The attack required no user clicks, leaving no network-level evidence, and bypassed safety checks by framing requests as legitimate (e.g., 'compliance validation'). Radware disclosed the bug to OpenAI on June 18, 2024, via BugCrowd; OpenAI patched it by early August and marked it resolved on September 3, 2024. No active exploitation was observed in the wild.
Date Publicly Disclosed: 2024-09-03
Date Resolved: 2024-09-03
Type: Data Exfiltration
Attack Vector: Malicious Email (Prompt Injection)Autonomous AI Agent Exploitation
Vulnerability Exploited: ShadowLeak (CVE pending)
Motivation: Data TheftEspionageFinancial Gain (potential)
Title: ShadowLeak: Zero-Click Vulnerability in ChatGPT's Deep Research Tool Exploited to Steal Gmail Data
Description: Hackers exploited a zero-click vulnerability in ChatGPT's Deep Research tool, dubbed 'ShadowLeak,' to steal Gmail data without requiring user interaction. The attack involved embedding hidden instructions in emails (using white-on-white text, tiny fonts, or CSS tricks) that were executed when the AI agent analyzed the user's Gmail inbox. The compromised agent then exfiltrated sensitive data to an external server within OpenAI's cloud environment, bypassing local defenses like antivirus or firewalls. The vulnerability was discovered by Radware in June 2025 and patched by OpenAI in early August 2025. The attack highlights risks in AI integrations with third-party platforms like Gmail, Dropbox, and SharePoint, where hidden prompts can manipulate AI behavior without user awareness.
Date Detected: 2025-06
Date Publicly Disclosed: 2025-08
Date Resolved: 2025-08
Type: Data Breach
Attack Vector: Hidden Prompts in Emails (White-on-White Text, Tiny Fonts, CSS Tricks)AI Agent (ChatGPT Deep Research) MisuseBase64-Encoded Data Exfiltration via Malicious URLCloud-Based Exploitation (Bypassing Local Defenses)
Vulnerability Exploited: Zero-Click Prompt Injection in ChatGPT's Deep Research ToolLack of Input Sanitization for Hidden CommandsOver-Permissive Third-Party App Access (Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox)Context Poisoning in AI Conversation History
Motivation: Data TheftExploitation of AI Trust MechanismsDemonstration of Cloud-Based Attack Capabilities
Title: OpenAI Atlas Browser Vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks
Description: OpenAI's newly launched Atlas browser, which integrates ChatGPT as an AI agent, was found vulnerable to **indirect prompt injection**—a systemic issue in AI-powered browsers. This flaw allows malicious commands embedded in web pages (e.g., Gmail exfiltration, mode changes, or arbitrary text output) to manipulate the AI agent’s behavior. While OpenAI implemented mitigations (e.g., red-teaming, model training, guardrails), researchers demonstrated successful exploits via Google Docs and custom web pages. The incident highlights the unresolved challenge of prompt injection in agentic AI systems, undermining the **CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability)** and necessitating downstream security controls beyond LLM guardrails.
Date Detected: 2024-05-21
Date Publicly Disclosed: 2024-05-21
Type: Vulnerability Exploitation
Attack Vector: Indirect Prompt Injection (via web pages, Google Docs)Offensive Context Engineering
Vulnerability Exploited: Prompt Injection (AI agent misinterprets embedded commands in untrusted data as legitimate instructions)
Threat Actor: Security Researchers (e.g., CJ Zafir, Johann Rehberger)Hypothetical Adversaries (exploiting unsolved AI security gaps)
Motivation: Research/DemonstrationPotential Malicious Exploitation (data exfiltration, unauthorized actions)
Title: Seven Security Flaws in OpenAI’s ChatGPT (Including GPT-5) Expose Users to Data Theft and Persistent Control
Description: Tenable Research uncovered seven security vulnerabilities in OpenAI’s ChatGPT (including GPT-5) that enable attackers to steal private user data and gain persistent control over the AI chatbot. The flaws leverage prompt injection techniques, including indirect prompt injection via hidden comments or indexed websites, bypassing safety features like `url_safe` and exploiting memory injection for long-term threats. Proof-of-Concept (PoC) attacks demonstrated phishing, data exfiltration, and self-tricking AI behaviors, posing risks to millions of LLM users. OpenAI is addressing the issues, but prompt injection remains a systemic challenge for AI security.
Type: Vulnerability Exploitation
Attack Vector: Indirect Prompt Injection (hidden in comments/blogs)0-Click Attack via Search (malicious indexed websites)Safety Bypass (trusted Bing.com tracking links)Conversation Injection (self-tricking AI via memory manipulation)Memory Injection (persistent control)
Vulnerability Exploited: Prompt Injection (indirect)Weakness in `url_safe` feature (Bing.com tracking link evasion)Code block display bug (hiding malicious instructions)Memory Injection (persistent threat mechanism)
Motivation: Data TheftPersistent System ControlExploitation of AI Trust Mechanisms
Title: System Prompt Extraction from OpenAI’s Sora 2 via Cross-Modal Vulnerabilities
Description: Security researchers successfully extracted the system prompt from OpenAI’s Sora 2 video generation model by exploiting cross-modal vulnerabilities, with audio transcription proving to be the most effective extraction method. The core vulnerability stems from semantic drift occurring when data transforms across modalities (text → image → video → audio), allowing short fragments of the system prompt to be recovered and stitched together. This highlights challenges in securing multimodal AI systems, as each transformation layer introduces noise and potential for unexpected behavior. While the extracted prompt itself may not be highly sensitive, it defines model constraints, content restrictions, and technical specifications, which could enable follow-up attacks or misuse.
Type: Prompt Extraction
Attack Vector: Cross-Modal ChainingAudio Transcription ExploitationSemantic Drift in Multimodal Transformations
Vulnerability Exploited: Semantic Drift in Multimodal AIFragmented Token Extraction via Optical/Transcription MethodsLack of Robust Guardrails for Non-Text Modalities
Threat Actor: Security Researchers (Unspecified)
Motivation: ResearchVulnerability DisclosureAI Security Assessment
Common Attack Types: The most common types of attacks the company has faced is Vulnerability.
Identification of Attack Vectors: The company identifies the attack vectors used in incidents through pictureproxy.php component, Malicious document uploaded to ChatGPT or shared to Google Drive, User Prompt Input FieldAI Routing Layer, Malicious email ingested by Deep Research agent, Hidden Prompts in Emails (Analyzed by ChatGPT Deep Research Agent) and Malicious comments in blogsIndexed websites with hidden prompts.

Data Compromised: Chat history titles, First message of new conversations, Payment-related information
Payment Information Risk: High

Data Compromised: User data, Conversations
Brand Reputation Impact: Increased Scrutiny by Regulators and the Public

Data Compromised: User inputs, Plaintext chats
Systems Affected: ChatGPT desktop app
Brand Reputation Impact: Heightened privacy concerns

Data Compromised: Sensitive information
Systems Affected: Financial institutionsBanksFintech firms
Brand Reputation Impact: Reputational damage

Data Compromised: Api keys, Credentials, Confidential documents
Systems Affected: Google DriveSharePointGitHubMicrosoft 365

Systems Affected: ChatGPT-5GPT-4GPT-5-miniEnterprise AI DeploymentsAgentic AI Systems
Operational Impact: Compromised AI Safety FiltersUnauthorized Access to Restricted ResponsesPotential for Malicious Content Generation
Brand Reputation Impact: Erosion of Trust in AI SafetyPerceived Negligence in Security Practices

Data Compromised: Personal identifiable information (pii), Internal documents, Emails, Contracts, Meeting notes, Customer records
Systems Affected: ChatGPT Deep Research AgentGmail IntegrationGitHub IntegrationGoogle DriveDropboxSharePoint
Operational Impact: High (covert data exfiltration via autonomous agents)
Brand Reputation Impact: Moderate (proactive disclosure mitigated damage)
Identity Theft Risk: High (PII exposure)

Data Compromised: Gmail data, Potentially google drive/dropbox data (if integrated)
Systems Affected: ChatGPT Deep Research AgentOpenAI Cloud EnvironmentGmail (via Third-Party Integration)
Operational Impact: Loss of Trust in AI-Assisted Email AnalysisIncreased Scrutiny of Third-Party AI Integrations
Brand Reputation Impact: Negative Publicity for OpenAI and GoogleErosion of Trust in AI Security for Email Management
Identity Theft Risk: ['High (Exfiltrated Gmail Data Could Include PII)']

Data Compromised: Gmail subject lines (demo), Browser mode settings (demo), Potential sensitive data if exploited maliciously
Systems Affected: OpenAI Atlas Browser (Chromium-based)ChatGPT Agent (integrated)
Operational Impact: Erosion of trust in AI agent reliability; potential for unauthorized actions if exploited
Customer Complaints: ['User reports of uninstalls (e.g., developer CJ Zafir)']
Brand Reputation Impact: Negative publicity; OpenAI acknowledges premature trust in Atlas

Data Compromised: Private user data, Potential pii (via exfiltration)
Systems Affected: ChatGPT (GPT-4o, GPT-5)LLM-Powered Systems Using ChatGPT APIs
Operational Impact: Compromised AI ResponsesLoss of User TrustPotential Misuse of AI for Malicious Actions
Brand Reputation Impact: High (Erosion of trust in AI safety)Negative media coverage
Identity Theft Risk: ['High (if PII exfiltrated)']

Data Compromised: System prompt (partial/full), Model behavior constraints, Technical specifications
Systems Affected: OpenAI Sora 2 (Multimodal Video Generation Model)
Operational Impact: Potential for Follow-Up AttacksMisuse of Model ConstraintsErosion of Trust in AI Guardrails
Brand Reputation Impact: Highlighted Vulnerabilities in AI SecurityPotential Erosion of Confidence in Multimodal Models
Commonly Compromised Data Types: The types of data most commonly compromised in incidents are Chat History Titles, First Message Of New Conversations, Payment-Related Information, , User Data, Conversations, , User Inputs, Plaintext Chats, , Sensitive information, Api Keys, Credentials, Confidential Documents, , Pii (Names, Addresses), Business Documents (Contracts, Meeting Notes), Emails, Customer Records, , Email Content, Potentially Attachments, Personally Identifiable Information (Pii) If Present In Emails, , Demo: Gmail Subject Lines, Demo: Browser Ui Settings (E.G., Dark/Light Mode), , Private User Data, Potentially Pii (If Exfiltrated), , System Prompt, Model Guardrails, Content Restrictions, Technical Specifications and .

Entity Name: ChatGPT
Entity Type: Service Provider
Industry: Technology
Customers Affected: 1.2% of ChatGPT Plus subscribers

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: Company
Industry: Technology

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: Company
Industry: Artificial Intelligence

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: Technology Company
Industry: Technology

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: Technology Company
Industry: Artificial Intelligence

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: AI Research Organization
Industry: Artificial Intelligence
Location: San Francisco, California, USA
Customers Affected: Global AI Service Users (Estimated Millions)

Entity Name: Enterprise AI Deployments (Generic)
Entity Type: Corporate/Enterprise
Industry: Technology, Finance, Healthcare, Retail, Other AI-Adopting Sectors
Location: Global

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: Technology Company
Industry: Artificial Intelligence
Location: San Francisco, California, USA
Size: Large (1,000+ employees)
Customers Affected: Unknown (potential ChatGPT Business users)

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: Technology Company (AI)
Industry: Artificial Intelligence
Location: San Francisco, California, USA

Entity Name: Google (Gmail Users)
Entity Type: Technology Company (Cloud/Email)
Industry: Internet Services
Location: Global
Customers Affected: Unknown (Potentially All Gmail Users with ChatGPT Deep Research Integration)

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: Technology Company
Industry: Artificial Intelligence
Location: San Francisco, California, USA
Size: Large (1,000+ employees)
Customers Affected: Atlas Browser users (early adopters)

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: Technology Company
Industry: Artificial Intelligence
Location: San Francisco, California, USA
Size: Large (1,000+ employees)
Customers Affected: Millions of ChatGPT users globally

Entity Name: OpenAI
Entity Type: AI Research Organization
Industry: Artificial Intelligence
Location: San Francisco, California, USA

Communication Strategy: Company notified affected users

Remediation Measures: Update to address the issue

Remediation Measures: Implemented mitigations to address the specific attack demonstrated by the researchers

Third Party Assistance: Adversa Ai (Research/Disclosure).
Remediation Measures: Audit AI Routing Logs for Suspicious ActivityImplement Cryptographic Routing (Non-User-Input Parsing)Add Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants
Communication Strategy: Public Disclosure via Research ReportMedia Outreach (e.g., Google News, LinkedIn, X)
Enhanced Monitoring: Monitor for Trigger Phrases (e.g., 'respond quickly', 'compatibility mode')

Incident Response Plan Activated: True
Third Party Assistance: Radware (Disclosure), Bugcrowd (Reporting Platform).
Containment Measures: Vulnerability patchingSafety guardrail enhancements
Remediation Measures: Prompt injection defensesAutonomous agent behavior restrictions
Communication Strategy: Public disclosure via Recorded Future News; emphasis on bug bounty program
Enhanced Monitoring: Likely (implied by 'continual safeguard improvements')

Incident Response Plan Activated: True
Third Party Assistance: Radware (Discovery And Analysis).
Containment Measures: OpenAI Patch for Deep Research Tool (August 2025)Disabling Vulnerable Integrations (Recommended)
Remediation Measures: Input Sanitization for Hidden PromptsRestricting AI Agent Access to Third-Party Apps
Communication Strategy: Public Disclosure by OpenAI and RadwareMedia Coverage (Fox News, CyberGuy.com)
Enhanced Monitoring: Recommended for AI Agent Activities

Incident Response Plan Activated: True
Containment Measures: Model training to ignore malicious instructionsOverlapping guardrailsDetection/blocking systems
Remediation Measures: Red-teaming exercisesSecurity controls for logged-in/logged-out modesOngoing research into mitigation strategies
Communication Strategy: Public acknowledgment by OpenAI CISO (Dane Stuckey)X post detailing risks and mitigationsMedia statements to The Register

Incident Response Plan Activated: Yes (OpenAI notified and working on fixes)
Third Party Assistance: Tenable Research (Vulnerability Disclosure).
Containment Measures: Patching vulnerabilities (ongoing)Enhancing prompt injection defenses
Communication Strategy: Public disclosure via Tenable Research reportMedia statements (e.g., Hackread.com)
Enhanced Monitoring: Likely (for prompt injection attempts)
Incident Response Plan: The company's incident response plan is described as Yes (OpenAI notified and working on fixes).
Third-Party Assistance: The company involves third-party assistance in incident response through Adversa AI (Research/Disclosure), , Radware (disclosure), BugCrowd (reporting platform), , Radware (Discovery and Analysis), , Tenable Research (vulnerability disclosure), .

Type of Data Compromised: Chat history titles, First message of new conversations, Payment-related information
Number of Records Exposed: Extremely low number of users
Sensitivity of Data: High

Type of Data Compromised: User data, Conversations
Data Encryption: Anonymize and Encrypt Data

Type of Data Compromised: User inputs, Plaintext chats

Type of Data Compromised: Sensitive information

Type of Data Compromised: Api keys, Credentials, Confidential documents
Sensitivity of Data: High
Data Exfiltration: Yes

Type of Data Compromised: Pii (names, addresses), Business documents (contracts, meeting notes), Emails, Customer records
Sensitivity of Data: High
File Types Exposed: EmailsText documentsStructured/semi-structured data

Type of Data Compromised: Email content, Potentially attachments, Personally identifiable information (pii) if present in emails
Sensitivity of Data: High (Email Communications May Include Sensitive Personal/Business Data)
Data Exfiltration: Base64-Encoded Data Sent to External Server via Malicious URL
Personally Identifiable Information: Potential (Dependent on Email Content)

Type of Data Compromised: Demo: gmail subject lines, Demo: browser ui settings (e.g., dark/light mode)
Sensitivity of Data: Low (demo cases); High if exploited maliciously (e.g., emails, documents)
Data Exfiltration: Demonstrated in proof-of-concept (e.g., sending subject line to attacker-controlled site)
File Types Exposed: Web page contentGoogle Docs

Type of Data Compromised: Private user data, Potentially pii (if exfiltrated)
Sensitivity of Data: High (user interactions, potentially sensitive queries)
Data Exfiltration: Demonstrated via PoC (e.g., Bing.com tracking links)
Personally Identifiable Information: Potential (depends on user inputs)

Type of Data Compromised: System prompt, Model guardrails, Content restrictions, Technical specifications
Sensitivity of Data: Moderate (Security Artifact, Not Directly Sensitive but Enables Misuse)
Data Exfiltration: Partial/Full System Prompt via Audio Transcription
File Types Exposed: Audio Clips (Transcribed)Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Fragments
Prevention of Data Exfiltration: The company takes the following measures to prevent data exfiltration: Update to address the issue, , Implemented mitigations to address the specific attack demonstrated by the researchers, , Audit AI Routing Logs for Suspicious Activity, Implement Cryptographic Routing (Non-User-Input Parsing), Add Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants, , Prompt injection defenses, Autonomous agent behavior restrictions, , Input Sanitization for Hidden Prompts, Restricting AI Agent Access to Third-Party Apps, , Red-teaming exercises, Security controls for logged-in/logged-out modes, Ongoing research into mitigation strategies, .
Handling of PII Incidents: The company handles incidents involving personally identifiable information (PII) through by vulnerability patching, safety guardrail enhancements, , openai patch for deep research tool (august 2025), disabling vulnerable integrations (recommended), , model training to ignore malicious instructions, overlapping guardrails, detection/blocking systems, , patching vulnerabilities (ongoing), enhancing prompt injection defenses and .

Lessons Learned: The vulnerability exemplifies broader security challenges facing AI-powered enterprise tools. Similar issues have been discovered across the industry, including Microsoft's 'EchoLeak' vulnerability in Copilot and various prompt injection attacks against other AI assistants.

Lessons Learned: Cost-Saving Measures in AI Routing Can Compromise Security, Layered AI Model Architectures Introduce New Attack Surfaces, Prompt-Based Attacks Can Exploit Non-Obvious System Behaviors, Transparency in AI Infrastructure is Critical for Trust and Safety

Lessons Learned: Autonomous AI agents introduce novel attack surfaces (e.g., zero-click prompt injection)., Traditional guardrails (e.g., output safety checks) may fail to detect covert tool-driven actions., Integrations with third-party services (e.g., Gmail, GitHub) expand exposure to prompt injection risks., Social engineering tactics (e.g., 'compliance validation' framing) can bypass AI safety training.

Lessons Learned: AI integrations with third-party apps (e.g., Gmail) introduce high-risk attack surfaces., Hidden prompts (e.g., white-on-white text) can bypass user awareness and traditional defenses., Cloud-based AI exploits evade local security tools like antivirus and firewalls., Over-permissive AI agent capabilities (e.g., browser tools, data exfiltration) require stricter controls., Prompt injection vulnerabilities may resurface as AI adoption grows.

Lessons Learned: Prompt injection is a **systemic, unsolved challenge** in AI-powered browsers, requiring layered defenses beyond LLM guardrails., Human oversight and downstream security controls are critical to mitigate risks., Early-stage agentic AI systems introduce **unforeseen threats** (e.g., offensive context engineering)., User education and risk-based modes (e.g., logged-in/logged-out) can help balance functionality and security.

Lessons Learned: Prompt injection remains a systemic risk for LLMs, requiring context-aware security solutions., Indirect attack vectors (e.g., hidden comments, indexed websites) exploit trust in external sources., Safety features like `url_safe` can be bypassed via trusted domains (e.g., Bing.com)., Memory manipulation enables persistent threats, necessitating runtime protections., Collaboration with security researchers (e.g., Tenable) is critical for proactive defense.

Lessons Learned: Multimodal AI systems introduce unique vulnerabilities due to semantic drift across data transformations (text → image → video → audio)., System prompts should be treated as sensitive configuration secrets, not harmless metadata., Traditional text-based prompt extraction safeguards (e.g., 'never reveal these rules') are ineffective in multimodal contexts where alternative modalities (e.g., audio) can bypass restrictions., Fragmented extraction of small token sequences can circumvent distortions in visual/audio outputs, enabling reconstruction of sensitive information., AI models with multiple transformation layers (e.g., video generation) compound errors, creating opportunities for exploitation.

Recommendations: Implement strict access controls for AI connector permissions, following the principle of least privilege., Deploy monitoring solutions specifically designed for AI agent activities., Educate users about the risks of uploading documents from untrusted sources to AI systems., Consider network-level monitoring for unusual data access patterns., Regularly audit connected services and their permission levels.Implement strict access controls for AI connector permissions, following the principle of least privilege., Deploy monitoring solutions specifically designed for AI agent activities., Educate users about the risks of uploading documents from untrusted sources to AI systems., Consider network-level monitoring for unusual data access patterns., Regularly audit connected services and their permission levels.Implement strict access controls for AI connector permissions, following the principle of least privilege., Deploy monitoring solutions specifically designed for AI agent activities., Educate users about the risks of uploading documents from untrusted sources to AI systems., Consider network-level monitoring for unusual data access patterns., Regularly audit connected services and their permission levels.Implement strict access controls for AI connector permissions, following the principle of least privilege., Deploy monitoring solutions specifically designed for AI agent activities., Educate users about the risks of uploading documents from untrusted sources to AI systems., Consider network-level monitoring for unusual data access patterns., Regularly audit connected services and their permission levels.Implement strict access controls for AI connector permissions, following the principle of least privilege., Deploy monitoring solutions specifically designed for AI agent activities., Educate users about the risks of uploading documents from untrusted sources to AI systems., Consider network-level monitoring for unusual data access patterns., Regularly audit connected services and their permission levels.

Recommendations: Conduct Immediate Audits of AI Routing Logs for Anomalies, Replace User-Input-Dependent Routing with Cryptographic Methods, Deploy Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants (Not Just Premium Ones), Test Systems with Trigger Phrases (e.g., 'Let’s keep this quick, light, and conversational') to Identify Vulnerabilities, Evaluate Trade-offs Between Cost Efficiency and Security in AI Deployments, Increase Transparency About Model Routing Practices to Build User TrustConduct Immediate Audits of AI Routing Logs for Anomalies, Replace User-Input-Dependent Routing with Cryptographic Methods, Deploy Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants (Not Just Premium Ones), Test Systems with Trigger Phrases (e.g., 'Let’s keep this quick, light, and conversational') to Identify Vulnerabilities, Evaluate Trade-offs Between Cost Efficiency and Security in AI Deployments, Increase Transparency About Model Routing Practices to Build User TrustConduct Immediate Audits of AI Routing Logs for Anomalies, Replace User-Input-Dependent Routing with Cryptographic Methods, Deploy Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants (Not Just Premium Ones), Test Systems with Trigger Phrases (e.g., 'Let’s keep this quick, light, and conversational') to Identify Vulnerabilities, Evaluate Trade-offs Between Cost Efficiency and Security in AI Deployments, Increase Transparency About Model Routing Practices to Build User TrustConduct Immediate Audits of AI Routing Logs for Anomalies, Replace User-Input-Dependent Routing with Cryptographic Methods, Deploy Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants (Not Just Premium Ones), Test Systems with Trigger Phrases (e.g., 'Let’s keep this quick, light, and conversational') to Identify Vulnerabilities, Evaluate Trade-offs Between Cost Efficiency and Security in AI Deployments, Increase Transparency About Model Routing Practices to Build User TrustConduct Immediate Audits of AI Routing Logs for Anomalies, Replace User-Input-Dependent Routing with Cryptographic Methods, Deploy Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants (Not Just Premium Ones), Test Systems with Trigger Phrases (e.g., 'Let’s keep this quick, light, and conversational') to Identify Vulnerabilities, Evaluate Trade-offs Between Cost Efficiency and Security in AI Deployments, Increase Transparency About Model Routing Practices to Build User TrustConduct Immediate Audits of AI Routing Logs for Anomalies, Replace User-Input-Dependent Routing with Cryptographic Methods, Deploy Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants (Not Just Premium Ones), Test Systems with Trigger Phrases (e.g., 'Let’s keep this quick, light, and conversational') to Identify Vulnerabilities, Evaluate Trade-offs Between Cost Efficiency and Security in AI Deployments, Increase Transparency About Model Routing Practices to Build User Trust

Recommendations: Implement stricter input validation for autonomous agents interacting with external data sources., Enhance logging/monitoring for agent actions to detect covert exfiltration attempts., Restrict agent access to sensitive connectors (e.g., email, cloud storage) by default., Develop adversarial testing frameworks for AI agents to proactively identify prompt injection vectors., Educate users on risks of AI-driven data processing, even for 'trusted' tools.Implement stricter input validation for autonomous agents interacting with external data sources., Enhance logging/monitoring for agent actions to detect covert exfiltration attempts., Restrict agent access to sensitive connectors (e.g., email, cloud storage) by default., Develop adversarial testing frameworks for AI agents to proactively identify prompt injection vectors., Educate users on risks of AI-driven data processing, even for 'trusted' tools.Implement stricter input validation for autonomous agents interacting with external data sources., Enhance logging/monitoring for agent actions to detect covert exfiltration attempts., Restrict agent access to sensitive connectors (e.g., email, cloud storage) by default., Develop adversarial testing frameworks for AI agents to proactively identify prompt injection vectors., Educate users on risks of AI-driven data processing, even for 'trusted' tools.Implement stricter input validation for autonomous agents interacting with external data sources., Enhance logging/monitoring for agent actions to detect covert exfiltration attempts., Restrict agent access to sensitive connectors (e.g., email, cloud storage) by default., Develop adversarial testing frameworks for AI agents to proactively identify prompt injection vectors., Educate users on risks of AI-driven data processing, even for 'trusted' tools.Implement stricter input validation for autonomous agents interacting with external data sources., Enhance logging/monitoring for agent actions to detect covert exfiltration attempts., Restrict agent access to sensitive connectors (e.g., email, cloud storage) by default., Develop adversarial testing frameworks for AI agents to proactively identify prompt injection vectors., Educate users on risks of AI-driven data processing, even for 'trusted' tools.

Recommendations: Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection.

Recommendations: Implement **deterministic security controls** downstream of LLM outputs (e.g., input validation, action restrictions)., Enhance **red-teaming** and adversarial testing for AI agents processing untrusted data., Document **clear security guarantees** for automated systems handling sensitive data., Adopt a **defense-in-depth approach**, combining model training, guardrails, and runtime monitoring., Promote **user awareness** of AI agent limitations (e.g., 'Trust No AI' principle).Implement **deterministic security controls** downstream of LLM outputs (e.g., input validation, action restrictions)., Enhance **red-teaming** and adversarial testing for AI agents processing untrusted data., Document **clear security guarantees** for automated systems handling sensitive data., Adopt a **defense-in-depth approach**, combining model training, guardrails, and runtime monitoring., Promote **user awareness** of AI agent limitations (e.g., 'Trust No AI' principle).Implement **deterministic security controls** downstream of LLM outputs (e.g., input validation, action restrictions)., Enhance **red-teaming** and adversarial testing for AI agents processing untrusted data., Document **clear security guarantees** for automated systems handling sensitive data., Adopt a **defense-in-depth approach**, combining model training, guardrails, and runtime monitoring., Promote **user awareness** of AI agent limitations (e.g., 'Trust No AI' principle).Implement **deterministic security controls** downstream of LLM outputs (e.g., input validation, action restrictions)., Enhance **red-teaming** and adversarial testing for AI agents processing untrusted data., Document **clear security guarantees** for automated systems handling sensitive data., Adopt a **defense-in-depth approach**, combining model training, guardrails, and runtime monitoring., Promote **user awareness** of AI agent limitations (e.g., 'Trust No AI' principle).Implement **deterministic security controls** downstream of LLM outputs (e.g., input validation, action restrictions)., Enhance **red-teaming** and adversarial testing for AI agents processing untrusted data., Document **clear security guarantees** for automated systems handling sensitive data., Adopt a **defense-in-depth approach**, combining model training, guardrails, and runtime monitoring., Promote **user awareness** of AI agent limitations (e.g., 'Trust No AI' principle).

Recommendations: Implement context-based security controls for LLMs to detect and block prompt injection., Enhance input validation for external sources (e.g., websites, comments) processed by AI., Monitor for anomalous AI behaviors (e.g., self-injected instructions, hidden code blocks)., Adopt zero-trust principles for AI interactions, assuming external inputs may be malicious., Invest in AI-specific security tools that analyze both code and environmental risks., Educate users about risks of interacting with AI-generated content from untrusted sources., Regularly audit LLM safety features (e.g., `url_safe`) for bypass vulnerabilities.Implement context-based security controls for LLMs to detect and block prompt injection., Enhance input validation for external sources (e.g., websites, comments) processed by AI., Monitor for anomalous AI behaviors (e.g., self-injected instructions, hidden code blocks)., Adopt zero-trust principles for AI interactions, assuming external inputs may be malicious., Invest in AI-specific security tools that analyze both code and environmental risks., Educate users about risks of interacting with AI-generated content from untrusted sources., Regularly audit LLM safety features (e.g., `url_safe`) for bypass vulnerabilities.Implement context-based security controls for LLMs to detect and block prompt injection., Enhance input validation for external sources (e.g., websites, comments) processed by AI., Monitor for anomalous AI behaviors (e.g., self-injected instructions, hidden code blocks)., Adopt zero-trust principles for AI interactions, assuming external inputs may be malicious., Invest in AI-specific security tools that analyze both code and environmental risks., Educate users about risks of interacting with AI-generated content from untrusted sources., Regularly audit LLM safety features (e.g., `url_safe`) for bypass vulnerabilities.Implement context-based security controls for LLMs to detect and block prompt injection., Enhance input validation for external sources (e.g., websites, comments) processed by AI., Monitor for anomalous AI behaviors (e.g., self-injected instructions, hidden code blocks)., Adopt zero-trust principles for AI interactions, assuming external inputs may be malicious., Invest in AI-specific security tools that analyze both code and environmental risks., Educate users about risks of interacting with AI-generated content from untrusted sources., Regularly audit LLM safety features (e.g., `url_safe`) for bypass vulnerabilities.Implement context-based security controls for LLMs to detect and block prompt injection., Enhance input validation for external sources (e.g., websites, comments) processed by AI., Monitor for anomalous AI behaviors (e.g., self-injected instructions, hidden code blocks)., Adopt zero-trust principles for AI interactions, assuming external inputs may be malicious., Invest in AI-specific security tools that analyze both code and environmental risks., Educate users about risks of interacting with AI-generated content from untrusted sources., Regularly audit LLM safety features (e.g., `url_safe`) for bypass vulnerabilities.Implement context-based security controls for LLMs to detect and block prompt injection., Enhance input validation for external sources (e.g., websites, comments) processed by AI., Monitor for anomalous AI behaviors (e.g., self-injected instructions, hidden code blocks)., Adopt zero-trust principles for AI interactions, assuming external inputs may be malicious., Invest in AI-specific security tools that analyze both code and environmental risks., Educate users about risks of interacting with AI-generated content from untrusted sources., Regularly audit LLM safety features (e.g., `url_safe`) for bypass vulnerabilities.Implement context-based security controls for LLMs to detect and block prompt injection., Enhance input validation for external sources (e.g., websites, comments) processed by AI., Monitor for anomalous AI behaviors (e.g., self-injected instructions, hidden code blocks)., Adopt zero-trust principles for AI interactions, assuming external inputs may be malicious., Invest in AI-specific security tools that analyze both code and environmental risks., Educate users about risks of interacting with AI-generated content from untrusted sources., Regularly audit LLM safety features (e.g., `url_safe`) for bypass vulnerabilities.

Recommendations: Implement modality-specific guardrails to prevent cross-modal prompt extraction (e.g., audio watermarking, visual distortion for text)., Treat system prompts as high-value secrets with access controls and encryption., Conduct red-team exercises focusing on multimodal attack vectors (e.g., audio transcription, OCR bypasses)., Monitor for semantic drift in transformations and apply noise reduction or consistency checks., Adopt defense-in-depth strategies, such as rate-limiting prompt extraction attempts or detecting anomalous token reconstruction patterns., Collaborate with the AI security community to standardize protections for multimodal models.Implement modality-specific guardrails to prevent cross-modal prompt extraction (e.g., audio watermarking, visual distortion for text)., Treat system prompts as high-value secrets with access controls and encryption., Conduct red-team exercises focusing on multimodal attack vectors (e.g., audio transcription, OCR bypasses)., Monitor for semantic drift in transformations and apply noise reduction or consistency checks., Adopt defense-in-depth strategies, such as rate-limiting prompt extraction attempts or detecting anomalous token reconstruction patterns., Collaborate with the AI security community to standardize protections for multimodal models.Implement modality-specific guardrails to prevent cross-modal prompt extraction (e.g., audio watermarking, visual distortion for text)., Treat system prompts as high-value secrets with access controls and encryption., Conduct red-team exercises focusing on multimodal attack vectors (e.g., audio transcription, OCR bypasses)., Monitor for semantic drift in transformations and apply noise reduction or consistency checks., Adopt defense-in-depth strategies, such as rate-limiting prompt extraction attempts or detecting anomalous token reconstruction patterns., Collaborate with the AI security community to standardize protections for multimodal models.Implement modality-specific guardrails to prevent cross-modal prompt extraction (e.g., audio watermarking, visual distortion for text)., Treat system prompts as high-value secrets with access controls and encryption., Conduct red-team exercises focusing on multimodal attack vectors (e.g., audio transcription, OCR bypasses)., Monitor for semantic drift in transformations and apply noise reduction or consistency checks., Adopt defense-in-depth strategies, such as rate-limiting prompt extraction attempts or detecting anomalous token reconstruction patterns., Collaborate with the AI security community to standardize protections for multimodal models.Implement modality-specific guardrails to prevent cross-modal prompt extraction (e.g., audio watermarking, visual distortion for text)., Treat system prompts as high-value secrets with access controls and encryption., Conduct red-team exercises focusing on multimodal attack vectors (e.g., audio transcription, OCR bypasses)., Monitor for semantic drift in transformations and apply noise reduction or consistency checks., Adopt defense-in-depth strategies, such as rate-limiting prompt extraction attempts or detecting anomalous token reconstruction patterns., Collaborate with the AI security community to standardize protections for multimodal models.Implement modality-specific guardrails to prevent cross-modal prompt extraction (e.g., audio watermarking, visual distortion for text)., Treat system prompts as high-value secrets with access controls and encryption., Conduct red-team exercises focusing on multimodal attack vectors (e.g., audio transcription, OCR bypasses)., Monitor for semantic drift in transformations and apply noise reduction or consistency checks., Adopt defense-in-depth strategies, such as rate-limiting prompt extraction attempts or detecting anomalous token reconstruction patterns., Collaborate with the AI security community to standardize protections for multimodal models.
Key Lessons Learned: The key lessons learned from past incidents are The vulnerability exemplifies broader security challenges facing AI-powered enterprise tools. Similar issues have been discovered across the industry, including Microsoft's 'EchoLeak' vulnerability in Copilot and various prompt injection attacks against other AI assistants.Cost-Saving Measures in AI Routing Can Compromise Security,Layered AI Model Architectures Introduce New Attack Surfaces,Prompt-Based Attacks Can Exploit Non-Obvious System Behaviors,Transparency in AI Infrastructure is Critical for Trust and SafetyAutonomous AI agents introduce novel attack surfaces (e.g., zero-click prompt injection).,Traditional guardrails (e.g., output safety checks) may fail to detect covert tool-driven actions.,Integrations with third-party services (e.g., Gmail, GitHub) expand exposure to prompt injection risks.,Social engineering tactics (e.g., 'compliance validation' framing) can bypass AI safety training.AI integrations with third-party apps (e.g., Gmail) introduce high-risk attack surfaces.,Hidden prompts (e.g., white-on-white text) can bypass user awareness and traditional defenses.,Cloud-based AI exploits evade local security tools like antivirus and firewalls.,Over-permissive AI agent capabilities (e.g., browser tools, data exfiltration) require stricter controls.,Prompt injection vulnerabilities may resurface as AI adoption grows.Prompt injection is a **systemic, unsolved challenge** in AI-powered browsers, requiring layered defenses beyond LLM guardrails.,Human oversight and downstream security controls are critical to mitigate risks.,Early-stage agentic AI systems introduce **unforeseen threats** (e.g., offensive context engineering).,User education and risk-based modes (e.g., logged-in/logged-out) can help balance functionality and security.Prompt injection remains a systemic risk for LLMs, requiring context-aware security solutions.,Indirect attack vectors (e.g., hidden comments, indexed websites) exploit trust in external sources.,Safety features like `url_safe` can be bypassed via trusted domains (e.g., Bing.com).,Memory manipulation enables persistent threats, necessitating runtime protections.,Collaboration with security researchers (e.g., Tenable) is critical for proactive defense.Multimodal AI systems introduce unique vulnerabilities due to semantic drift across data transformations (text → image → video → audio).,System prompts should be treated as sensitive configuration secrets, not harmless metadata.,Traditional text-based prompt extraction safeguards (e.g., 'never reveal these rules') are ineffective in multimodal contexts where alternative modalities (e.g., audio) can bypass restrictions.,Fragmented extraction of small token sequences can circumvent distortions in visual/audio outputs, enabling reconstruction of sensitive information.,AI models with multiple transformation layers (e.g., video generation) compound errors, creating opportunities for exploitation.
Implemented Recommendations: The company has implemented the following recommendations to improve cybersecurity: Develop adversarial testing frameworks for AI agents to proactively identify prompt injection vectors., Educate users on risks of AI-driven data processing, even for 'trusted' tools., Implement stricter input validation for autonomous agents interacting with external data sources., Enhance logging/monitoring for agent actions to detect covert exfiltration attempts., Restrict agent access to sensitive connectors (e.g., email and cloud storage) by default..

Source: Black Hat hacker conference in Las Vegas

Source: Adversa AI Research Report

Source: Media Coverage (Google News, LinkedIn, X)

Source: Recorded Future News

Source: Radware Research Report (Gabi Nakibly, Zvika Babo, Maor Uziel)

Source: Fox News - 'AI flaw leaked Gmail data before OpenAI patch'
Date Accessed: 2025-08

Source: CyberGuy.com - 'Hacker Exploits AI Chatbot in Cybercrime Spree'
URL: https://www.cyberguy.com/newsletter
Date Accessed: 2025-08

Source: SPLX Research (Dorian Schultz) - CAPTCHA Bypass via AI Context Poisoning
Date Accessed: 2025

Source: The Register
URL: https://www.theregister.com/2024/05/21/openai_atlas_prompt_injection/
Date Accessed: 2024-05-21

Source: Brave Software Report
Date Accessed: 2024-05-21

Source: OpenAI CISO Dane Stuckey (X Post)
URL: https://x.com/[placeholder]/status/[placeholder]
Date Accessed: 2024-05-22

Source: Johann Rehberger (Preprint Paper on Prompt Injection)
URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/[placeholder].pdf
Date Accessed: 2023-12-01

Source: Tenable Research Report

Source: Hackread.com
URL: https://www.hackread.com/7-chatgpt-flaws-steal-data-persistent-control/

Source: GBHackers (GBH)

Source: System Prompt Examples from Major AI Providers (Anthropic, Google, Microsoft, etc.)
Additional Resources: Stakeholders can find additional resources on cybersecurity best practices at and Source: Black Hat hacker conference in Las Vegas, and Source: Adversa AI Research Report, and Source: Media Coverage (Google News, LinkedIn, X), and Source: Recorded Future News, and Source: Radware Research Report (Gabi Nakibly, Zvika Babo, Maor Uziel), and Source: Radware Research ReportDate Accessed: 2025-08, and Source: Fox News - 'AI flaw leaked Gmail data before OpenAI patch'Date Accessed: 2025-08, and Source: CyberGuy.com - 'Hacker Exploits AI Chatbot in Cybercrime Spree'Url: https://www.cyberguy.com/newsletterDate Accessed: 2025-08, and Source: SPLX Research (Dorian Schultz) - CAPTCHA Bypass via AI Context PoisoningDate Accessed: 2025, and Source: The RegisterUrl: https://www.theregister.com/2024/05/21/openai_atlas_prompt_injection/Date Accessed: 2024-05-21, and Source: Brave Software ReportDate Accessed: 2024-05-21, and Source: OpenAI CISO Dane Stuckey (X Post)Url: https://x.com/[placeholder]/status/[placeholder]Date Accessed: 2024-05-22, and Source: Johann Rehberger (Preprint Paper on Prompt Injection)Url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/[placeholder].pdfDate Accessed: 2023-12-01, and Source: Tenable Research Report, and Source: Hackread.comUrl: https://www.hackread.com/7-chatgpt-flaws-steal-data-persistent-control/, and Source: GBHackers (GBH), and Source: System Prompt Examples from Major AI Providers (Anthropic, Google, Microsoft, etc.).

Investigation Status: Disclosed by Third-Party Researchers (Adversa AI)

Investigation Status: Resolved

Investigation Status: Resolved (Patch Deployed)

Investigation Status: Ongoing (OpenAI acknowledges prompt injection as an unsolved problem; active research into mitigations)

Investigation Status: Ongoing (OpenAI addressing vulnerabilities; prompt injection remains unresolved)

Investigation Status: Disclosed by Security Researchers (No Official Response from OpenAI Mentioned)
Communication of Investigation Status: The company communicates the status of incident investigations to stakeholders through Company notified affected users, Public Disclosure Via Research Report, Media Outreach (E.G., Google News, Linkedin, X), Public disclosure via Recorded Future News; emphasis on bug bounty program, Public Disclosure By Openai And Radware, Media Coverage (Fox News, Cyberguy.Com), Public Acknowledgment By Openai Ciso (Dane Stuckey), X Post Detailing Risks And Mitigations, Media Statements To The Register, Public Disclosure Via Tenable Research Report, Media Statements (E.G. and Hackread.Com).

Customer Advisories: Company notified affected users

Stakeholder Advisories: Ai Service Providers (E.G., Openai, Microsoft, Google), Enterprise Ai Adopters, Regulatory Bodies Overseeing Ai Safety.
Customer Advisories: Users of ChatGPT-5 and Similar AI ServicesDevelopers Integrating AI Models into Applications

Stakeholder Advisories: OpenAI confirmed patch via public statement; no formal advisory issued.

Stakeholder Advisories: Openai: Recommended Disabling Unused Integrations And Updating Security Settings., Google: Advised Users To Review Third-Party App Permissions For Gmail., Radware: Published Technical Details And Mitigation Strategies For Enterprises..
Customer Advisories: Users advised to audit AI tool integrations (e.g., ChatGPT plugins) and remove unnecessary connections.Warnings issued about analyzing unverified emails/documents with AI agents.Guidance provided on recognizing hidden prompt techniques (e.g., invisible text).

Stakeholder Advisories: Openai Warns Users Of Premature Trust In Atlas; Recommends Logged-Out Mode For Cautious Use..
Customer Advisories: Users advised to avoid processing untrusted documents/web pages with Atlas until further updates.

Stakeholder Advisories: Companies Using Generative Ai Warned About Prompt Injection Risks (Via Dryrun Security Ceo).
Customer Advisories: Users advised to avoid interacting with untrusted external content via ChatGPT
Advisories Provided: The company provides the following advisories to stakeholders and customers following an incident: were Company notified affected users, Ai Service Providers (E.G., Openai, Microsoft, Google), Enterprise Ai Adopters, Regulatory Bodies Overseeing Ai Safety, Users Of Chatgpt-5 And Similar Ai Services, Developers Integrating Ai Models Into Applications, , OpenAI confirmed patch via public statement; no formal advisory issued., Openai: Recommended Disabling Unused Integrations And Updating Security Settings., Google: Advised Users To Review Third-Party App Permissions For Gmail., Radware: Published Technical Details And Mitigation Strategies For Enterprises., Users Advised To Audit Ai Tool Integrations (E.G., Chatgpt Plugins) And Remove Unnecessary Connections., Warnings Issued About Analyzing Unverified Emails/Documents With Ai Agents., Guidance Provided On Recognizing Hidden Prompt Techniques (E.G., Invisible Text)., , Openai Warns Users Of Premature Trust In Atlas; Recommends Logged-Out Mode For Cautious Use., Users Advised To Avoid Processing Untrusted Documents/Web Pages With Atlas Until Further Updates., , Companies Using Generative Ai Warned About Prompt Injection Risks (Via Dryrun Security Ceo), Users Advised To Avoid Interacting With Untrusted External Content Via Chatgpt and .

Entry Point: pictureproxy.php component
High Value Targets: Financial Institutions, Banks, Fintech Firms,
Data Sold on Dark Web: Financial Institutions, Banks, Fintech Firms,

Entry Point: Malicious document uploaded to ChatGPT or shared to Google Drive

Entry Point: User Prompt Input Field, Ai Routing Layer,
High Value Targets: Ai Safety Filters, Restricted Response Policies,
Data Sold on Dark Web: Ai Safety Filters, Restricted Response Policies,

Entry Point: Malicious email ingested by Deep Research agent
High Value Targets: Pii, Business Documents, Customer Records,
Data Sold on Dark Web: Pii, Business Documents, Customer Records,

Entry Point: Hidden Prompts in Emails (Analyzed by ChatGPT Deep Research Agent)
High Value Targets: Gmail Inboxes, Google Drive/Dropbox (If Integrated),
Data Sold on Dark Web: Gmail Inboxes, Google Drive/Dropbox (If Integrated),

Entry Point: Malicious Comments In Blogs, Indexed Websites With Hidden Prompts,
Backdoors Established: ['Memory Injection (persistent control)']
High Value Targets: Chatgpt User Sessions, Sensitive User Queries,
Data Sold on Dark Web: Chatgpt User Sessions, Sensitive User Queries,

Root Causes: Bug in open-source library

Root Causes: Broad data hoovering practices
Corrective Actions: Update to address the issue

Root Causes: Security misconfigurations

Root Causes: Indirect prompt injection attack exploiting ChatGPT Connectors feature
Corrective Actions: OpenAI implemented mitigations to address the specific attack demonstrated by the researchers

Root Causes: Over-Reliance On Cost-Optimized Routing Without Security Safeguards, Lack Of Input Validation In Routing Decision-Making, Assumption Of Uniform Safety Across Model Variants, Transparency Gaps In Ai Infrastructure Design,
Corrective Actions: Redesign Routing Systems To Prioritize Security Over Cost, Implement Real-Time Monitoring For Routing Anomalies, Standardize Safety Protocols Across All Model Tiers, Engage Independent Audits Of Ai Routing Mechanisms,

Root Causes: Insufficient Input Sanitization For Autonomous Agent Prompts., Over-Reliance On Output-Based Safety Checks (Failed To Detect Covert Actions)., Lack Of Visibility Into Agent-Driven Data Exfiltration Paths., Social Engineering Vulnerabilities In Ai Safety Training (E.G., Bypass Via 'Public Data' Claims).,
Corrective Actions: Patched Prompt Injection Vulnerability In Deep Research Agent., Enhanced Safeguards Against Autonomous Agent Exploits., Improved Collaboration With Security Researchers Via Bug Bounty Program.,

Root Causes: Lack Of Input Validation For Hidden Commands In Ai-Analyzed Content., Overly Permissive Third-Party App Access For Ai Agents., Insufficient Sandboxing Of Ai Browser Tools Within Openai'S Cloud Environment., Assumption That Ai Agents Would Ignore Non-Visible Or Obfuscated Prompts.,
Corrective Actions: Openai Patched The Deep Research Tool To Sanitize Hidden Prompts (August 2025)., Recommended Restricting Ai Agent Access To Sensitive Third-Party Apps., Enhanced Monitoring For Anomalous Ai-Driven Data Exfiltration., Public Awareness Campaigns About Zero-Click Ai Exploits.,

Root Causes: Inherent Vulnerability Of Ai Agents To **Indirect Prompt Injection** When Processing Untrusted Data., Lack Of **Deterministic Solutions** To Distinguish Malicious Instructions From Legitimate Content., Over-Reliance On **Guardrails** Without Robust Downstream Security Controls.,
Corrective Actions: Openai Investing In **Novel Model Training Techniques** To Resist Malicious Instructions., Development Of **Logged-In/Logged-Out Modes** To Limit Data Exposure., Expansion Of **Red-Teaming** And Adversarial Testing Programs., Collaboration With Security Researchers (E.G., Johann Rehberger) To Identify Emerging Threats.,

Root Causes: Insufficient Input Sanitization For Indirect Prompt Injection., Over-Reliance On Trust In External Sources (E.G., Indexed Websites)., Weaknesses In Safety Features (E.G., `Url Safe` Bypass Via Bing.Com Links)., Lack Of Runtime Protections Against Memory Manipulation., Display Bugs Hiding Malicious Instructions In Code Blocks.,
Corrective Actions: Openai Patching Specific Vulnerabilities (E.G., Memory Injection)., Research Into Context-Aware Defenses For Prompt Injection., Collaboration With Security Firms (E.G., Tenable) For Ongoing Testing., Potential Redesign Of Safety Features To Prevent Domain-Based Bypasses.,

Root Causes: Lack Of Modality-Aware Safeguards In Sora 2’S Design, Assuming Text-Based Protections Would Extend To Audio/Video Outputs., Semantic Drift In Multimodal Transformations Enabling Fragmented Data Recovery., Over-Reliance On Probabilistic Model Behavior Without Deterministic Checks For Prompt Leakage.,
Post-Incident Analysis Process: The company's process for conducting post-incident analysis is described as Adversa Ai (Research/Disclosure), , Monitor For Trigger Phrases (E.G., 'Respond Quickly', 'Compatibility Mode'), , Radware (Disclosure), Bugcrowd (Reporting Platform), , Likely (implied by 'continual safeguard improvements'), Radware (Discovery And Analysis), , Recommended For Ai Agent Activities, , , Tenable Research (Vulnerability Disclosure), , Likely (For Prompt Injection Attempts), .
Corrective Actions Taken: The company has taken the following corrective actions based on post-incident analysis: Update to address the issue, OpenAI implemented mitigations to address the specific attack demonstrated by the researchers, Redesign Routing Systems To Prioritize Security Over Cost, Implement Real-Time Monitoring For Routing Anomalies, Standardize Safety Protocols Across All Model Tiers, Engage Independent Audits Of Ai Routing Mechanisms, , Patched Prompt Injection Vulnerability In Deep Research Agent., Enhanced Safeguards Against Autonomous Agent Exploits., Improved Collaboration With Security Researchers Via Bug Bounty Program., , Openai Patched The Deep Research Tool To Sanitize Hidden Prompts (August 2025)., Recommended Restricting Ai Agent Access To Sensitive Third-Party Apps., Enhanced Monitoring For Anomalous Ai-Driven Data Exfiltration., Public Awareness Campaigns About Zero-Click Ai Exploits., , Openai Investing In **Novel Model Training Techniques** To Resist Malicious Instructions., Development Of **Logged-In/Logged-Out Modes** To Limit Data Exposure., Expansion Of **Red-Teaming** And Adversarial Testing Programs., Collaboration With Security Researchers (E.G., Johann Rehberger) To Identify Emerging Threats., , Openai Patching Specific Vulnerabilities (E.G., Memory Injection)., Research Into Context-Aware Defenses For Prompt Injection., Collaboration With Security Firms (E.G., Tenable) For Ongoing Testing., Potential Redesign Of Safety Features To Prevent Domain-Based Bypasses., .
Last Attacking Group: The attacking group in the last incident were an Security Researchers (e.g., CJ Zafir, Johann Rehberger)Hypothetical Adversaries (exploiting unsolved AI security gaps) and Security Researchers (Unspecified).
Most Recent Incident Detected: The most recent incident detected was on 2025-06.
Most Recent Incident Publicly Disclosed: The most recent incident publicly disclosed was on 2024-05-21.
Most Recent Incident Resolved: The most recent incident resolved was on 2024-09-03.
Most Significant Data Compromised: The most significant data compromised in an incident were Chat history titles, First message of new conversations, Payment-related information, , User Data, Conversations, , User inputs, Plaintext chats, , Sensitive information, API keys, credentials, confidential documents, , Personal Identifiable Information (PII), Internal Documents, Emails, Contracts, Meeting Notes, Customer Records, , Gmail Data, Potentially Google Drive/Dropbox Data (if integrated), , Gmail subject lines (demo), Browser mode settings (demo), Potential sensitive data if exploited maliciously, , Private User Data, Potential PII (via exfiltration), , System Prompt (Partial/Full), Model Behavior Constraints, Technical Specifications and .
Most Significant System Affected: The most significant system affected in an incident were ChatGPT desktop app and Financial institutionsBanksFintech firms and Google DriveSharePointGitHubMicrosoft 365 and ChatGPT-5GPT-4GPT-5-miniEnterprise AI DeploymentsAgentic AI Systems and ChatGPT Deep Research AgentGmail IntegrationGitHub IntegrationGoogle DriveDropboxSharePoint and ChatGPT Deep Research AgentOpenAI Cloud EnvironmentGmail (via Third-Party Integration) and OpenAI Atlas Browser (Chromium-based)ChatGPT Agent (integrated) and ChatGPT (GPT-4o, GPT-5)LLM-Powered Systems Using ChatGPT APIs and OpenAI Sora 2 (Multimodal Video Generation Model).
Third-Party Assistance in Most Recent Incident: The third-party assistance involved in the most recent incident was adversa ai (research/disclosure), , radware (disclosure), bugcrowd (reporting platform), , radware (discovery and analysis), , tenable research (vulnerability disclosure), .
Containment Measures in Most Recent Incident: The containment measures taken in the most recent incident were Vulnerability patchingSafety guardrail enhancements, OpenAI Patch for Deep Research Tool (August 2025)Disabling Vulnerable Integrations (Recommended), Model training to ignore malicious instructionsOverlapping guardrailsDetection/blocking systems and Patching vulnerabilities (ongoing)Enhancing prompt injection defenses.
Most Sensitive Data Compromised: The most sensitive data compromised in a breach were Conversations, Potential sensitive data if exploited maliciously, credentials, Internal Documents, Private User Data, Potentially Google Drive/Dropbox Data (if integrated), Model Behavior Constraints, User inputs, Personal Identifiable Information (PII), API keys, First message of new conversations, Customer Records, Sensitive information, Browser mode settings (demo), confidential documents, Technical Specifications, Gmail Data, User Data, Payment-related information, Contracts, Emails, Potential PII (via exfiltration), Chat history titles, Meeting Notes, Gmail subject lines (demo), Plaintext chats and System Prompt (Partial/Full).
Number of Records Exposed in Most Significant Breach: The number of records exposed in the most significant breach was 0.
Most Significant Lesson Learned: The most significant lesson learned from past incidents was AI models with multiple transformation layers (e.g., video generation) compound errors, creating opportunities for exploitation.
Most Significant Recommendation Implemented: The most significant recommendation implemented to improve cybersecurity was Implement modality-specific guardrails to prevent cross-modal prompt extraction (e.g., audio watermarking, visual distortion for text)., Implement **deterministic security controls** downstream of LLM outputs (e.g., input validation, action restrictions)., Implement stricter input validation for autonomous agents interacting with external data sources., Monitor AI agent activities for anomalous behavior (e.g., unexpected data exfiltration)., Adopt zero-trust principles for AI interactions, assuming external inputs may be malicious., Restrict AI agent permissions to minimize potential damage from prompt injection., Use data removal services to erase personal information from public databases., Regularly audit connected services and their permission levels., Enable automatic updates for AI platforms (OpenAI, Google) to patch vulnerabilities promptly., Adopt a **defense-in-depth approach**, combining model training, guardrails, and runtime monitoring., Adopt defense-in-depth strategies, such as rate-limiting prompt extraction attempts or detecting anomalous token reconstruction patterns., Conduct red-team exercises focusing on multimodal attack vectors (e.g., audio transcription, OCR bypasses)., Promote **user awareness** of AI agent limitations (e.g., 'Trust No AI' principle)., Deploy strong antivirus software with real-time threat detection for AI-driven exploits., Educate users about risks of interacting with AI-generated content from untrusted sources., Increase Transparency About Model Routing Practices to Build User Trust, Deploy Universal Safety Filters Across All Model Variants (Not Just Premium Ones), Enhance input validation for external sources (e.g., websites, comments) processed by AI., Implement strict access controls for AI connector permissions, following the principle of least privilege., Treat system prompts as high-value secrets with access controls and encryption., Develop adversarial testing frameworks for AI agents to proactively identify prompt injection vectors., Deploy monitoring solutions specifically designed for AI agent activities., Regularly audit LLM safety features (e.g., `url_safe`) for bypass vulnerabilities., Document **clear security guarantees** for automated systems handling sensitive data., Consider network-level monitoring for unusual data access patterns., Educate users about the risks of uploading documents from untrusted sources to AI systems., Evaluate Trade-offs Between Cost Efficiency and Security in AI Deployments, Limit personal data exposure online to mitigate cross-referencing risks in breaches., Monitor for anomalous AI behaviors (e.g., self-injected instructions, hidden code blocks)., Implement layered security (e.g., browser updates, endpoint protection, email filtering)., Enhance logging/monitoring for agent actions to detect covert exfiltration attempts., Restrict agent access to sensitive connectors (e.g., email, cloud storage) by default., Disable unused AI integrations (e.g., Gmail, Google Drive, Dropbox) to reduce attack surface., Conduct Immediate Audits of AI Routing Logs for Anomalies, Test Systems with Trigger Phrases (e.g., 'Let’s keep this quick, light, and conversational') to Identify Vulnerabilities, Educate users on risks of AI-driven data processing, even for 'trusted' tools., Implement context-based security controls for LLMs to detect and block prompt injection., Invest in AI-specific security tools that analyze both code and environmental risks., Replace User-Input-Dependent Routing with Cryptographic Methods, Collaborate with the AI security community to standardize protections for multimodal models., Monitor for semantic drift in transformations and apply noise reduction or consistency checks., Enhance **red-teaming** and adversarial testing for AI agents processing untrusted data. and Avoid analyzing unverified/suspicious content with AI tools to prevent hidden prompt execution..
Most Recent Source: The most recent source of information about an incident are Media Coverage (Google News, LinkedIn, X), Radware Research Report, System Prompt Examples from Major AI Providers (Anthropic, Google, Microsoft, etc.), The Register, Adversa AI Research Report, CyberGuy.com - 'Hacker Exploits AI Chatbot in Cybercrime Spree', Brave Software Report, SPLX Research (Dorian Schultz) - CAPTCHA Bypass via AI Context Poisoning, Johann Rehberger (Preprint Paper on Prompt Injection), OpenAI CISO Dane Stuckey (X Post), Tenable Research Report, Radware Research Report (Gabi Nakibly, Zvika Babo, Maor Uziel), Fox News - 'AI flaw leaked Gmail data before OpenAI patch', Recorded Future News, GBHackers (GBH), Hackread.com and Black Hat hacker conference in Las Vegas.
Most Recent URL for Additional Resources: The most recent URL for additional resources on cybersecurity best practices is https://www.cyberguy.com/newsletter, https://www.theregister.com/2024/05/21/openai_atlas_prompt_injection/, https://x.com/[placeholder]/status/[placeholder], https://arxiv.org/pdf/[placeholder].pdf, https://www.hackread.com/7-chatgpt-flaws-steal-data-persistent-control/ .
Current Status of Most Recent Investigation: The current status of the most recent investigation is Disclosed by Third-Party Researchers (Adversa AI).
Most Recent Stakeholder Advisory: The most recent stakeholder advisory issued was AI Service Providers (e.g., OpenAI, Microsoft, Google), Enterprise AI Adopters, Regulatory Bodies Overseeing AI Safety, OpenAI confirmed patch via public statement; no formal advisory issued., OpenAI: Recommended disabling unused integrations and updating security settings., Google: Advised users to review third-party app permissions for Gmail., Radware: Published technical details and mitigation strategies for enterprises., OpenAI warns users of premature trust in Atlas; recommends logged-out mode for cautious use., Companies using generative AI warned about prompt injection risks (via DryRun Security CEO), .
Most Recent Customer Advisory: The most recent customer advisory issued were an Company notified affected users, Users of ChatGPT-5 and Similar AI ServicesDevelopers Integrating AI Models into Applications, Users advised to audit AI tool integrations (e.g., ChatGPT plugins) and remove unnecessary connections.Warnings issued about analyzing unverified emails/documents with AI agents.Guidance provided on recognizing hidden prompt techniques (e.g., invisible text)., Users advised to avoid processing untrusted documents/web pages with Atlas until further updates. and Users advised to avoid interacting with untrusted external content via ChatGPT.
Most Recent Entry Point: The most recent entry point used by an initial access broker were an Malicious document uploaded to ChatGPT or shared to Google Drive, Malicious email ingested by Deep Research agent, Hidden Prompts in Emails (Analyzed by ChatGPT Deep Research Agent) and pictureproxy.php component.
Most Significant Root Cause: The most significant root cause identified in post-incident analysis was Bug in open-source library, Broad data hoovering practices, Security misconfigurations, Indirect prompt injection attack exploiting ChatGPT Connectors feature, Over-Reliance on Cost-Optimized Routing Without Security SafeguardsLack of Input Validation in Routing Decision-MakingAssumption of Uniform Safety Across Model VariantsTransparency Gaps in AI Infrastructure Design, Insufficient input sanitization for autonomous agent prompts.Over-reliance on output-based safety checks (failed to detect covert actions).Lack of visibility into agent-driven data exfiltration paths.Social engineering vulnerabilities in AI safety training (e.g., bypass via 'public data' claims)., Lack of input validation for hidden commands in AI-analyzed content.Overly permissive third-party app access for AI agents.Insufficient sandboxing of AI browser tools within OpenAI's cloud environment.Assumption that AI agents would ignore non-visible or obfuscated prompts., Inherent vulnerability of AI agents to **indirect prompt injection** when processing untrusted data.Lack of **deterministic solutions** to distinguish malicious instructions from legitimate content.Over-reliance on **guardrails** without robust downstream security controls., Insufficient input sanitization for indirect prompt injection.Over-reliance on trust in external sources (e.g., indexed websites).Weaknesses in safety features (e.g., `url_safe` bypass via Bing.com links).Lack of runtime protections against memory manipulation.Display bugs hiding malicious instructions in code blocks., Lack of modality-aware safeguards in Sora 2’s design, assuming text-based protections would extend to audio/video outputs.Semantic drift in multimodal transformations enabling fragmented data recovery.Over-reliance on probabilistic model behavior without deterministic checks for prompt leakage..
Most Significant Corrective Action: The most significant corrective action taken based on post-incident analysis was Update to address the issue, OpenAI implemented mitigations to address the specific attack demonstrated by the researchers, Redesign Routing Systems to Prioritize Security Over CostImplement Real-Time Monitoring for Routing AnomaliesStandardize Safety Protocols Across All Model TiersEngage Independent Audits of AI Routing Mechanisms, Patched prompt injection vulnerability in Deep Research agent.Enhanced safeguards against autonomous agent exploits.Improved collaboration with security researchers via bug bounty program., OpenAI patched the Deep Research tool to sanitize hidden prompts (August 2025).Recommended restricting AI agent access to sensitive third-party apps.Enhanced monitoring for anomalous AI-driven data exfiltration.Public awareness campaigns about zero-click AI exploits., OpenAI investing in **novel model training techniques** to resist malicious instructions.Development of **logged-in/logged-out modes** to limit data exposure.Expansion of **red-teaming** and adversarial testing programs.Collaboration with security researchers (e.g., Johann Rehberger) to identify emerging threats., OpenAI patching specific vulnerabilities (e.g., memory injection).Research into context-aware defenses for prompt injection.Collaboration with security firms (e.g., Tenable) for ongoing testing.Potential redesign of safety features to prevent domain-based bypasses..
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MCP Server Kubernetes is an MCP Server that can connect to a Kubernetes cluster and manage it. Prior to 2.9.8, there is a security issue exists in the exec_in_pod tool of the mcp-server-kubernetes MCP Server. The tool accepts user-provided commands in both array and string formats. When a string format is provided, it is passed directly to shell interpretation (sh -c) without input validation, allowing shell metacharacters to be interpreted. This vulnerability can be exploited through direct command injection or indirect prompt injection attacks, where AI agents may execute commands without explicit user intent. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.9.8.
XML external entity (XXE) injection in eyoucms v1.7.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted body of a POST request.
An issue was discovered in Fanvil x210 V2 2.12.20 allowing unauthenticated attackers on the local network to access administrative functions of the device (e.g. file upload, firmware update, reboot...) via a crafted authentication bypass.
Cal.com is open-source scheduling software. Prior to 5.9.8, A flaw in the login credentials provider allows an attacker to bypass password verification when a TOTP code is provided, potentially gaining unauthorized access to user accounts. This issue exists due to problematic conditional logic in the authentication flow. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.9.8.
Rhino is an open-source implementation of JavaScript written entirely in Java. Prior to 1.8.1, 1.7.15.1, and 1.7.14.1, when an application passed an attacker controlled float poing number into the toFixed() function, it might lead to high CPU consumption and a potential Denial of Service. Small numbers go through this call stack: NativeNumber.numTo > DToA.JS_dtostr > DToA.JS_dtoa > DToA.pow5mult where pow5mult attempts to raise 5 to a ridiculous power. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.8.1, 1.7.15.1, and 1.7.14.1.

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