In October 2012, the National Iranian Offshore Oil Company (NIOC) suffered a targeted cyberattack on its oil and gas platforms in the Persian Gulf, suspected to be orchestrated by state-sponsored actors, including Israel. The attack disrupted communication networks critical to oil production operations, leading to a temporary halt in production—a severe blow given Iran’s heavy reliance on oil exports for revenue. The incident was part of a broader cyber warfare campaign aimed at crippling Iran’s energy infrastructure, reflecting escalating geopolitical tensions. The attack not only caused operational downtime but also exposed vulnerabilities in Iran’s cyber defenses, despite its significant investments in cybersecurity. The disruption to oil production had economic repercussions, potentially affecting global oil markets and reinforcing concerns over the weaponization of cyber capabilities in state-level conflicts. While no direct casualties or long-term environmental damage were reported, the attack underscored the strategic risks posed by cyber threats to critical energy infrastructure, with implications for regional stability and energy security.